TMJ dysfunction, also known as temporomandibular joint disorder or TMD, refers to a range of conditions that affect the jaw joint and surrounding muscles. This joint connects the lower jaw (mandible) to the base of the skull and enables speaking, chewing, swallowing, and yawning.
When the joint or its supporting muscles become strained or unbalanced, it can lead to discomfort, restricted movement, or clicking sounds during jaw motion. The condition can vary from mild and temporary to more persistent cases that affect daily function and comfort.
Understanding the Temporomandibular Joint
The temporomandibular joint is one of the most active and complex joints in the body. It functions as both a hinge and a sliding joint, allowing the jaw to open, close, and move from side to side. A small disc of cartilage within the joint acts as a cushion, ensuring smooth movement and absorbing pressure during chewing.
When the joint’s components — including the disc, muscles, ligaments, and teeth — are not functioning in harmony, stress and inflammation can occur. This imbalance can lead to pain, stiffness, or difficulty in jaw movement.
Common Symptoms of TMJ Dysfunction
TMJ dysfunction can present in different ways, and symptoms can range from mild discomfort to noticeable pain or difficulty with jaw movement. Common symptoms include:
- Jaw joint pain or tenderness on one or both sides
- Clicking, popping, or grinding noises when opening or closing the mouth
- Difficulty opening the mouth fully or a sensation of locking
- Pain when chewing or speaking
- Headaches, particularly near the temples
- Pain radiating to the ears, neck, or shoulders
- A feeling of pressure or fullness near the ears
- Teeth that no longer seem to meet evenly when biting
Some people may notice jaw or facial tension that comes and goes, while others feel it more often.
